Causes of malformed fruit in eggplant and its control measures
During the cultivation of eggplant, eggplant may be bent, cracked, or hard tied like a stone. What are the reasons for this malformation? In fact, it is mainly affected by varieties, plant growth potential, environmental factors and cultivation techniques. Studies have pointed out that eggplant pollen germination, the minimum temperature of pollen tube elongation is below 15 to 17 degrees Celsius; below 15 degrees Celsius, it does not sprout at all. Even at 15 to 17 degrees Celsius, the germination is not good, and the pollen tube is not well stretched. However, when the temperature is higher than 35 degrees Celsius, the eggplant flower is poorly developed. It can be seen that the growth temperature during the eggplant result is preferably 25 to 30 degrees Celsius. The fruit of eggplant is developed from the ovary and belongs to the berry category. During the process of flowering to fruit ripening, the eggplant fruit undergoes several morphological stages. During the ripening process of eggplant, the morphological changes of eggplant fruit are most obvious after several morphological stages. The morphological stages are as follows: 1. Flowering period: the corolla is flat, the anthers are exposed to the crown, the capsule is split, and the pollen is scattered on the stigma. 2. Withered period: the flower buds are drooping, and the petals are withered and withered. 3. Eye-opening period: The ovary is exposed to the flower buds, and the fruit shape begins to appear, and the flower-end peel begins to color. 4. Technology maturity: The fruit volume growth is basically over, and the skin of the near sac is less white and reappears white, which is the critical morphological period for the harvesting of edible fruits and the entry of seeds into vigorous growth. 5. Physiological maturity: The rind is aging, the seeds are ripe, and it is unbearable. After understanding the morphological structure of the solanaceous fruit, it is not difficult to understand the reason for the production of bad fruit from the development of the solanaceous fruit. After self-pollination of eggplant, the ovary expands and gradually forms fruit. After the corolla falls off, the bracts remain, and gradually increase with the development of the fruit. The swelling speed of the young fruit is obviously faster than that of the bracts. At the time of bracts, the solanaceous fruit of this period began to enter a critical index of rapid expansion, which was also the period when the main pulp cells expanded and the intercellular space increased. During this period, attention should be paid to the adequate supply of fertilizer and water to meet the needs of fruit growth and development. At this time, if the result is too much, causing the nutrients to compete with each other, it is easy to cause the growth of the solanaceous fruit to be slow or the growth potential is inconsistent, and the bending occurs. If at this stage, water shortage or nutrient supply is insufficient, the fruit often stops developing, the skin is rough, the meat is hard, the taste is bitter, and there is also a situation of "hard fruit." However, if the nitrogen fertilizer is applied too much under low temperature or high temperature, the excessive irrigation will make the growth point too nutritious, so that the nutrients will not only meet the needs of growth and development, but also have a large amount of surplus, but the flower bud differentiation and development are insufficient. However, due to overnutrition, the cell division is too strong, and the multi-Carpel fruit or the stamens are partially developed into edging. Specifically, the eggplant malformation is divided into the following cases - ◠Stone eggplant: also known as stiff fruit, the fruit is small, hard and poorly edible. There are two reasons: 1) The flowering period cannot be fully fertilized. 2) Excessive fruit set in the later stage or firm under conditions of dryness, high fertilizer concentration and insufficient water. Prevention: 1) Warm, wet and light management during the nursery period, the temperature should not be lower than 14 °C, higher than 35 °C; increase the light; evenly watering, timely ventilation. 2) Fine soil preparation, full-flavoured organic fertilizer, pay attention to the rational use of NPK fertilizer, can not be calcium deficiency. 3) In the result period, timely and appropriate irrigation should be carried out, and water should not be excessively controlled. The irrigation should be even and thorough, and the water should be drained in time after watering, paying attention to drainage after rain. 4) The lower old leaves should be properly removed during the middle and late stages of growth, but not excessive. 5) In the flowering period, spray the foliar liquid fertilizer which is easy to absorb and have more complete nutrients. Generally, the foliar fertilizer is sprayed once every 1~2 times. ◠Gemini: When the nutrient is excessive, it is easy to form the deformed fruit of the double ovary. When the flowering period is low, the concentration of the growth regulator is too large, and it is easy to form the gemini. Control measures: 1) Rational fertilization, pouring manure water to raise seedlings when seedlings are fixed. During the fruit expansion period, 500~1000 kg of septic and dilute septic water and 20 kg of compound fertilizer per 667 m2. When the eggplant grows to the size of the egg, 15 to 20 kg of urea is applied per 667 m2. At the end of the year, the nitrogen fertilizer was applied again. At the end of the results, the leaves were sprayed with 0.2% urea and 0.2% to 0.3% Bond potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, or 120 ml of the above-mentioned foliar fertilizer and 30 ml of brassinolide were added per 60 kg of water. 2) Correct application of plant growth regulators, to achieve a small number of times, before the light and then heavy. ◠Cracked eggplant: There are two types of splitting and fruit splitting. Cleft palate is mainly caused by improper use of growth regulators, such as excessive concentration, or repeated use, or high temperature use at noon, and plants that are overgrown are also prone to cleft palate. There are two reasons for fruit cracking. One is that the tea yellow scorpion harms the young fruit, causing the fruit to crack. The second is the fruit swelling process. After a long drought, sudden rain or a large amount of water, the growth speed of the peel is not as fast as the growth of the placenta. Control measures: 1) Ensure that there is enough sensation during the growth of the eggplant and that it will not continue to suffer from drought. 2) Clean up the residual leaves and weeds of the former crops and reduce the source of the insects. 3) For drug control, spray 3 g of avermectin EC 3500 times solution or 20% triazolium tin suspension 2500 times solution. ◠Matte eggplant: It occurs mostly in the later stage of the result. At this time, the weather is hot and the relative humidity of the air is small. It can not meet the water requirement of eggplant growth, causing the gloss of the surface of the fruit to disappear, and the fruit expansion is inhibited, resulting in inferior fruit. Control measures: Keep an eye on the changes in the soil of the eggplant field. In addition to fertilization, it is necessary to dilute the water without dripping, so that it can be adjusted with water and water. ◠Poor coloring: The formation and accumulation of eggplant purple pigment are related to light, and the plants are too depressed and the light is weak to form poorly colored fruits. Control measures: strengthen field management and improve the light environment of plants.
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