Anthracnose is a common disease of the melon crops. It occurs in both the north and south of China. Watermelon and cucumber suffer the most. In recent years, with the rapid development of greenhouses and greenhouses, the disease has risen. (I) Pathogens and infestation Anthracnose is caused by the invading of Staphylococcus aureus. In the classification of fungi, it belongs to the genus Styrobacter of the subgenus Menchid. From the parasitic seedling stage to adult stage, this strain can infect and cause host disease. The pathogens multiply in the host and absorb nutrients by relying on a large number of hyphae, and the large numbers of conidia produced after maturation are the main transmission invaders. From the point of view of the infestation cycles of the bacteria, its main mycelium and pseudosclerotia (undeveloped spore discs) overwintered on the remnants of the diseased plants and in the soil. Sometimes, the mycelium adhered to the seeds can also survive winter with the seeds. In the spring of next year, the temperature rises in the spring, the wintering mycelium develops rapidly, gives birth to conidia, drifts to land on the surface of the host, germinates to produce attachments and produces hyphae, invades young host tissues, continues to grow in the host, develops, and Conidia discs and conidia are produced on the lesions and continue to spread. The overwintering mycelia attached to the seed, and the second year of sprouting from the seedlings to produce the cotyledons, can be directly invaded by the gap and propagated. Developed to produce spore plates and conidia, and continue to spread infection. The semicircular or round lesions on the cotyledons, the contracture of the diseased part of the young stems, and the tripling of the seedlings are the symptoms of anthrax, but the main symptoms are the appearance of brown lesions, resulting in many small Black spots. These small black spots are the spore plates of the germs. In the later stage of the disease, the center of the lesion produces a cruciform rupture, which is the main late symptom of anthrax. In the presence of pathogens, humidity and temperature are the main conditions for the occurrence of anthrax, and the severity of the disease depends mainly on humidity. From the bacteria itself, the suitable temperature for spore germination is 22-27°C, and the optimum temperature for the growth of pathogens is about 24°C. If the temperature exceeds 30°C or less than 10°C, the spores cannot grow. From the environmental conditions, the spores, mycelium growth, or the severity of the disease, mainly lies in the relative humidity of the environment. According to the measurement, when the relative humidity of air is 87-95%, it takes only about 3 days for the bacteria to invade into the disease. When the relative humidity of the air drops to 54%, the disease cannot occur. Therefore, in the spring and summer handover, especially when the summer and autumn handover occurs, the air temperature is significantly reduced, the air humidity is significantly increased, and the temperature difference between day and night in the ground near the small climate is large, and the morning humidity often reaches 95% or more. This high humidity, coupled with the temperature of 24°C, which is neither too hot nor too cold, the disease develops rapidly and quickly becomes severely ill. In addition, there are many nitrogen fertilizers, strong plant growth, and a large degree of shade in the field. Continuous cropping and cultivation will make the disease more likely to occur. Cucumber leaves, and even melons are on the pathogenesis. When the watermelon was transported and piled up, the appearance of the entire melon ball was almost covered by anthrax spots. (II) Micro-pollution and Non-pollution Control Technology 1. Seed treatment As mentioned earlier, seed colonization is a route of initial infection. Therefore, the seeds should be treated strictly. The method is to first collect seeds from disease-free plants and seed melons, and then disinfect the seeds. The method of soaking seeds in warm water of 55°C for 15 minutes is optional. After soaking, the seeds shall be scrubbed with 2-3 times of sterile water and then germinated and sowed, or soaked in 100% formalin for 30 minutes and then rinsed with sterile water. 2-3 times, then germination preparation broadcast. 2. Strengthening cultivation management and management Continuous cropping is one of the most important causes of increased disease. Therefore, it is necessary to plan a three-year rotation cultivation with non-melon crops. In addition, the choice of soil loose, easy drainage of highlands or flatland, increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, early elimination of the central disease strains, so as to prevent bacteria from spreading with water. Planting watermelon, it is best to add a pad under the melon, can reduce the incidence of disease. Digging holes in the rows or rows to apply mulch can have a good effect of preventing diseases. 3. The use of low-toxicity pesticides in the field of anthracnose in the early onset of the field or the history of the disease, can be used 50% TuoPhuang WP 600 times or 50% carbendazim WP 600 times or 75% chlorella Clear 600 times wettable powder, in the initial stage of disease or have the onset of climate, timely spraying prevention and control. When spraying, it is important not only to spray the bottom blade but also to spread the cloth.
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