Dairy cows feeding technology
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First, the staggered type feeding has the following advantages compared to the breeding technique mainly based on feeding and feeding.
1, more in line with the natural and physiological needs of dairy cows, so that they can according to physiological needs and their spleen all-weather free diet and activities, no longer subject to artificial constraints. This is because cows and humans have the same perception, pain, fear, and emotional pursuits. In particular, cows are full of neuroticism and are unable to withstand human-made “blind†command and suppression.
2. Accordingly, the space and place for the activities of dairy cows have been expanded, and the amount of exercise and light time have been significantly increased, which has strengthened the body of cattle and improved the body's resistance.
3. Exemption from feeding by ticks can easily cause damage to the cow's nipple (due to the inconvenience of starting and lying down), joints and limbs (because of disturbed squeaks and short or long reins), thus greatly reducing or eliminating the suffering caused by surgical disorders. With pain, it also saves medical expenses.
4. Keep the breeder handling the grass, material, milk, dung, etc. around the cows in the integrated cow house (ie, the original pupa system) all day long, simplifying the use of milk cows to the designated areas for milking, defecation, and eating. Grass eats not only reduces the amount of people's labor, but also adapts to the ecological habits of dairy cows. It is also more conducive to the realization of mechanization and procedural management, and greatly improves labor productivity and overall benefits.
5. Complete separation of dairy cows and milking areas is ensured, which ensures the improvement of milk hygiene quality and meets fashion demands.
Second, the comparison between the staggered management and the administrative management is complex. The main points of attention are as follows:
1. Layout Design of Feeding Places: Modern international popular large-scale stud farms, due to different climatic conditions in the area, its architectural designs have a variety of structures and types, but the planning and layout are mainly composed of adult cow living areas. Dairy hall (including dairy), waiting for milking area, delivery room medical area, backyard cattle area, forage material supply system, feces treatment system, and channel system are composed of eight units. The small-scale home-hopping yard only needs to properly design the buildings and equipment of the two key units in the milking parlor and adult cow living area, and the remaining parts can simplify the use of the unit attached to it. In adult cow living areas, there are warm sheds, free cattle beds (shared), land surfaces (that is, for cattle rejuvenation and rest), cement channels, feed troughs, sinks, fences, and awnings. The overall layout must meet the requirements of animal husbandry hygiene, and should be based on the principles of safety, health, convenience, and economy.
(1) Warm shed. Each cow occupies a 4 square meter design with a shed span of 3.5 meters and a front rake height of no more than 2.4 meters. Otherwise, the rear part of the cow bed will be exposed to the sun and rain. The pillars in front of the shed should be retracted by 1 meter and placed on the back of the cow bed. The roof adopts a slope type, and the height of the rear bed is not less than 2.1 meters. The window on the back wall of the greenhouse should be set up to open the window, closed in summer and winter.
(2) Free cattle bed. The bottom of the bed must first be paved with cement, and the bed surface often be sand or bedding. A movable neck bar is located 60 centimeters from the posterior wall of the bed to force the cows to recede when they stand up and excrete. The excrement should be placed in the ditch outside the bed. The width of the adult cow bed should be 1.2 meters.
(3) Land surface. It is the ideal ruminant and resting place for the cow (overnight in the summer), generally located in the southern part of the living area. The average size of each cow needs to occupy at least 20 square meters, and have an appropriate slope of the ground. The low side is connected to the drainage ditch. The ground is ideal for "triple soil" (ie yellow mud, sand, lime with 5:3:2 synthesis) or sandy soil.
(4) Cement track and isolation fence. Generally located between the greenhouse, the feed trough and the land surface, an average of 7 square meters per head of cattle is used for the use of dairy cows from the land surface to the feed trough, cattle bed and milking parlor. Railings and activities along the land surface side. It will prevent the trampling of the land and make the cattle into mud.
(5) Feeding trough and sink. The manger is usually 80 cm high and has an average length of about 70 cm per cow. The sink height is 80-90 cm.
2. Classification and rearing: In view of the fact that the stray barn raising completely keeps the cow free and comfortable, it needs to have mutual affinity between the cows, but sometimes there are biological features that collide with each other, as well as taking into account different age, sex, and physiological conditions. For special needs with different personalities, dairy cows must be divided into yaks, bred cattle, and cows. Adult cows are further divided into low-yield cows, middle-yield cows and high-yield cows, or divided into four stages: pre-milk, mid-milk, post-milk and dry-milk phases. They are reared separately and treated differently to achieve the intended purpose. This kind of request is inconvenient at first, but it must be implemented as a standardized dairy farm.
3. Feeding technology: It must be changed from the traditional fine material and coarse material feeding to the fine material and coarse material mixed feeding method. The mixed ration should have more than 5 kilograms of long fiber forage, such as high quality hay. This is not only to overcome the shortage of high-quality roughage or pure pursuit of high yields of dairy cows, but also to use excessive concentrates to cause the problems of acidosis. It is also conducive to the mechanization and modernization of the feeding process and the re-increase in labor productivity. Feeding cows with rough-mixed diets is a new direction and a new process that is worth advocating.
4. Management of the venues and cows: Straw-feeding, cows have more walking opportunities, hooves wear more, and they may often be immersed in excreta, causing increased hooves. Therefore, in addition to strengthening the production of soft and dry materials for cleaning cows and cattle beds, the hoofs should regularly carry out medicinal baths and dressings. In winter, they must also be oiled (use vegetable oil and avoid the use of waste oil) to prevent hoof cracking. The hoof disease is treated in time. In addition, the cows stay up all night and have free activities, and there is no fixed place for them. This poses a certain degree of difficulty for estrus identification. In addition to strengthening the responsibilities of the breeding staff and increasing the number of estrus observations, new technologies may be adopted, such as computer monitoring and tracking. Cameras, simultaneous estrus law, and test methods, so as not to miss the appropriate breeding period for cows.
In short, animal welfare is an inevitable outcome of the highly integrated animal production and social civilization. It represents the forward direction of social advanced productive forces. You are raising awareness, being brave to practice, constantly summarizing, and innovating. Improving animal welfare is not only for animals, but more importantly for human beings.