Golden red apple cultivation techniques
I. Scope: The cultivation technique is applicable to most areas in Chifeng, and the northern banner and counties can be used for reference. Derivative Products,Garden Weed Proof Cloth,White Wire Square Mesh,Agricultural Greenhouse Custom Insect Net Changzhou Green Nets Co.,Ltd. , https://www.gnshadenet.com
Second, the variety characteristics of red, alias Jihong, Gongzhuling 123, bred by Jilin Institute of Agricultural Sciences, cold resistance is strong, is the preferred varieties of early-maturing apples in the region, can be shipped north of the North fruit, sold to other provinces, to ease the off-season apple market It is an effective way to achieve efficient agriculture.
Third, cultivation techniques
1. The selection of the garden site has the following advantages: convenient transportation, good microclimate, sunny leeward, deep soil layer, underground water level controlled below 80cm, good drainage, and a lighter land in saline-alkali land. The land should be as flat as possible, and the slope should be generally 10 degrees. Above is called mountain orchard. It is better to use a 3 to 5 degree slope to build a garden. A slope of 5 to 15 degrees can be used to plant a variety of fruit trees. The slope is not large enough to build a garden. The average orchard area is very large. And management, to be divided into communities, the general mountain area of ​​20 - 30 acres, flat area of ​​50 - 100 acres of the area, the shape of the community to the rectangle is appropriate to do Lin (windbreak), fruit, canal, wall, water, Electric matching. Sheltered forests are best planted 1–2 years earlier than fruit trees. The main forest belts are built on the windward side. Poplar trees are generally used to plant 6–8 rows. The row spacing is about 23 meters. The bushes are generally planted around the fruit trees. - 3 rows, 11 meters from the row spacing, the sub-forest belt generally 1-2 rows of trees, shrubs and 2 rows.
2, digging planting pit. Dig round pits, 1 meter in diameter and 1 meter in depth. You can also dig deep trenches that are 1 meter deep and deep. Fill the manure in the upper layer with manure. Backfill 20 to 30 kilograms of diammonium 0.1 to 0.2 kg per farmyard fertilizer. Sandy pits should be filled with clay, and soil should be heavily mixed with sand.
3, planting. Cut the roots of the seedlings and the long main roots before planting. Soak the seedlings in water for 24 to 48 hours and remove them with Bomer 4–5 degree lime sulfur or 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture. 10 - 20 minutes, then rinse with clean water, take the root powder and hit the mud and send it to the field for planting.
(1) Selection of seedlings generally requires seedling height of 1 to 1.5 meters, stem thickness of 0.8 centimeters or more, plastic belts of 6 to 8 healthy and full shoots, and at least 4 lateral roots with capillary roots of 15 cm or more.
(2) The time of colonization. It is usually done before sprouting at the end of spring and the survival rate is high.
(3) Density of colonization. Generally use 2.55 - 6 meters or 35 meters, 45 - 54 strains per mu.
(4) Pollination tree configuration. Many fruit trees have self-illumination, and even if they can self-cultivation, cross-pollination can increase the fruit setting rate. Therefore, it is recommended to plant 2 to 3 varieties in the same garden with a ratio of 1:4 or less. One line pollinated tree, 4 rows of main planting varieties, pollination varieties can be selected exquisitely, Longguan, Shennong-2 and so on.
(5) Planting method: When planting, first use the topsoil to cover the roots, and then step on the roots, then raise the roots, bury the roots, and bury the roots at the roots. Do not inflict too much soil on the roots. Subsequent to sinking, the ground shall be level with the ground. After the tree is planted and the water is filled, the seedlings will be bagged in time after the drying, which will effectively prevent the damage of the beetle and increase the survival rate. The seedlings will be gradually torn after the leaf is spread. A week or so to remove all the bagging.
4, plastic surgery after planting to leave 70 - 80 cm to dry, cut mouth buds towards the wind face cut under 20 - 30 cm at least 5 - 7 full buds, plastic band with all the following buds erased, winter shear At the time, the three main branches of the base were opened to 120 degrees and the length of the first year was 40 to 50 centimeters. After that, the annual cut length was slightly longer than last year, and the direction of the three main branches at the base could not be the same. The branches are separated from the main branch of the first layer by 1 meter and are staggered with each other. In the third or fourth year, the main branch of the third layer is selected. The distance in the layer is 40 centimeters and the distance between the layers is 1 meter. Each main branch needs to have 2 - The three lateral branches, the lateral branches on the main branch take the first slow release, the results of the retraction after the method of training into large and medium-sized branches, select the strong growth potential, the location of good branches as the center extension of the branches, the first year of winter shear Leave 60-70 centimeters. In the second and third year of winter cutting, leave 50-60 centimeters after the cut. During the fourth year of winter cutting, put a stand on a bud and put it upside down. When the length is more than 60 cm, the slow release is not cut, and the length of 30-60 cm is short or pull the stick. In early August, the 60 cm or more slow-released branches are not cut. Passers-by were bending branch.
5, pruning method (1) winter cut method Short cut: cut a part of the annual branches. It includes light and short cuts, medium and short cuts, heavy short cuts, and extremely heavy short cuts. Sparse cutting: also called thinning, that is cut off the branches from the base. Mainly remove dead litter, pests and branches, cross branches, overlapping branches, competing branches, long branches, dense branches, etc. to improve light. Shrinking shear: The method of shortening perennial branches to the branches. Mainly used to update rejuvenation. Shake put: also called slow release, long release. The annual branch is not cut, used to ease the growth potential of new shoots and promote flower bud formation.
(2) Trimming buds during the growth period: On the backs of the cutting kerfs on the back of the backbone, many buds are easily germinated. Except for 1 to 2 flattened buds, the rest are all erased. Thinning: In June, sparsely cut and overspread the branches. Gingival peeling, ring carving, and peeling: In June, Wangshu, Wangzhi, girdling, ring carving, and peeling were used to temporarily control the downward feeding of nutrients, so that the upper shoots formed flower buds, and the phloem of the branches was peeled off. A ring called girdling, only cut a part of the phloem, and those who do not peel off are called circumcision, and the detached bark is turned upside down and then embedded in the original detachment, bandaged, healed and called inverted. Topping: Two shoots are performed on the newly grown shoots in mid-August and late August, which can promote lignification to prevent drawing. Branches, twisting branches and taking branches: The Wang branch twists or slightly damages the bast and xylem to change branches and promote flower bud formation.
(3) Tips for pruning in different periods of young trees: From planting to fruiting. This period is dominated by plastic surgery, mainly in light shear and slow release. Fruit period: a large number of results. According to the tree potential, the rate of results and other factors, try to remove the prosperous branches (above 80 cm), carry out mid-short cuts on new shoots, and short (5–15 cm) long shoots (15–30 cm). Cuts, shears perennial branches to prevent years of age.
6, orchard management (1) fertilizer and water management: After the annual harvest after the application of a high-quality farmyard fertilizer, each plant 30 - 50 kg plus 0.2 - 1 kg of diammonium, digging in the outer edge of the crown 50 cm deep, 30 - A 50 cm wide annular groove, or a combination of deep orchard orchards, is applied every year from the third year after planting. Tree nests are placed every other year, that is, in the spring, summer, or autumn rain seasons, according to the growing condition of tree vigor, Expanding a hole, the size of a hole is equivalent to a planting hole, and the work of expanding the hole is performed every other year until it reaches the entire park, which takes about 6 to 8 years. In June, about 0.4 kg of urea was applied in combination with watering, and 0.2% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed in each month of July and August. Generally, 4 waters are kept for one year, 3 waters are poured between March and June, and once the water is frozen, pay attention to flood prevention and drainage. , Timely soil after rain.
(2) Pest control: The newly planted fruit trees must pay attention to preventing the beetle from damaging the buds and leaves and adopting the method of spraying insecticides on the bags or trees. In autumn, we must pay special attention to the damage of Daphnia magna and spray 90% trichlorfon 1000-1500 times liquid on the trees, nearby crops, or weeds. Prevention of ring vein disease, anthrax, and early defoliation: Spray 50% carbendazim 100 times or 240 times Bordeaux mixture every 15 to 20 days.
(3) Winter protection: Water is poured before soil freezing, and the tree “pillow pillow†is planted in the same year to prevent the cold from overburdening. The buried soil thickness is about 20 cm. After the soil is thawed in the following year, the cold-proof soil is removed. From the second winter to the fifth year In winter, in addition to pouring frozen water, a semi-circular soil layer with a height of 50 cm is made on the windward side of the canopy. The main base is buried 15 centimeters in depth, and the remaining branches are painted white. In the following year, the control is sprayed once every half month in February of the next year. - 100 times liquid, about 2 - 3 times.