North asparagus cultivation technology

The scientific name of asparagus is "Diaobai cypress", also known as "Dragon's Asparagus". Liliaceae Asparagus is a perennial perennial grass plant that grows continuously for more than 10 years after breeding with seeds. The soft stalks harvested after softening the soil are called white asparagus, and the green asparagus is harvested after the soft stems of the soil are exposed to light. Green asparagus is mainly for fresh food, and white asparagus is mostly used as a canned food. It is necessary to choose a planting mode according to the market, and those that can be planted on a large scale, according to the requirements of the local government or the organizer, whether the white asparagus required by the processing enterprise or the white asparagus and green asparagus required by the merchant, there is not much difference in farmers' benefits; white asparagus Generally processing exports, the domestic market is less fresh; the domestic market for green asparagus is in great demand, and a small part is exported. Therefore, it is better for farmers to grow alone or in small areas.

Asparagus tender stems have delicate texture, aromatic flavor, compactness, and low fiber content. They contain protein, fat, calcium, iron, and multivitamins. They are precious vegetables with delicious taste, rich nutrition, and high medicinal value. It lowers blood pressure, prevents and treats diseases of the cardiovascular, urinary, and lymphatic systems. It has a unique anti-cancer effect. It is a famous medicine in the world. It is known as the king of vegetables in Europe and the United States. The market prospects for planting asparagus are good and the benefits are high.

Asparagus * is suitable for warm summers and cold winters. Generally, the spring-sprouted tender stem is used as the product organ, and its growth depends on the supply of stored nutrients in the root in the previous year. Tender stem growth and yield formation were positively related to the number of stems and the degree of lushness of branches and leaves in the previous year. The length of the tender stem is closely related to the variety, environmental conditions, and cultivation techniques. Cultivation management should be centered on the current year's output, stable and continuous high yield, and extended economic life. More organic fertilizers such as compost and manure should be applied to promote soil looseness and fertility to facilitate the development of the root system. The main points of cultivation techniques are as follows:

1 Selection of good varieties

Asparagus is a perennial perennial herbaceous plant with strong adaptability and many varieties. According to the market demand, choose the appropriate variety, such as Apollo, Purple Passion (purple variety), Special Honey, Jersey Giant, Endeavour, UC800 and other excellent varieties. The bamboo shoots are stout and neat, the top is not easy to scatter, the commodity rate is high, and the economic benefit is good. It is worth mentioning that the female asparagus plant has strong flowering and consumes more nutrients. Its young stem yield is lower than the male plant, but the female plant produces thick and heavy bamboo shoots. The first generation of excellent asparagus hybrids can be seeded and planted in the same year, and 150-200 kg / mu of bamboo shoots can be harvested in the second year. yuan.

2 Nutrition bowls to cultivate strong seedlings

The use of nutrient bowls to raise seedlings is conducive to increasing the rate of seedling growth and cultivating strong seedlings. Light plant injury during transplantation is beneficial to early emergence of strong seedlings and to achieve the purpose of proper planting and early high yield.

2.1 Prepare your nutrition bowl

The nutrient bowl should be prepared one month in advance. Firstly, choose a loose sandy loam soil with a high fertility level as the seedbed. The seedbed is 1.3-1.5 meters wide and 10-15 cm deep. Before making the pot, each cubic nutrient soil should be applied with 30-40 kg of rotten chicken manure, 2 kg of phosphate fertilizer, and 10 kg of plant ash, or 70% garden soil, 25% plant ash, 1.5% compound fertilizer, 0.5% urea, 1 % Phosphate fertilizer and 2% potassium chloride to prepare nutrient soil, mix well and beat. The diameter of the bowl is 8-10 cm, the height of the bowl is 10 cm, and 2,500 bowls need to be prepared per acre of field.

2.2 Seed soaking

Asparagus seed shells are thick and fatty, and absorb water slowly. First soak the seed with 50% Carbendazim 300-500 times solution for 24 hours, then soak the seed in 25-30 degrees warm water for 2-3 days, and change the fresh water 2-3 times a day. After soaking, cover with clean gauze and germinate at 25-30 degrees. During the germination period, pour 1-2 times with warm water at about 25 degrees every day. When 15% of the seeds are exposed, they can be sown.

2.3 Sowing

2.3.1 Spring sowing

Sowing in March-April, planting in May-June, the beginning of spring the next year to pick bamboo shoots. Those who are transplanted before wheat can be sown in early March, and those who are transplanted after wheat can be sown in early April. Water the nutrient bowl before sowing, one grain per bowl, and cover with 2 cm thick soil after sowing. Then spread the bait to prevent underground pests. * Milch film is laid on the posterior surface, and double-film covering with bow shed cover film is used to maintain heat and moisture, and promote germination and seedling growth.

2.3.2 Autumn sowing

Sowing in August-September, planting in October-November, the third year of spring began to harvest bamboo shoots.

2.4 Seedbed Management

The management of seedbeds should focus on adjusting temperature and humidity, cultivating strong seedlings, and controlling pests. The bed temperature before emergence is 20-30 degrees during the day and not lower than 12 degrees at night. When the first 70% of the seedlings are unearthed, remove the flat film and gradually ventilate the seedlings. When the seedlings are about 10 cm tall, thin organic liquid fertilizer or urea is poured once to remove weeds in time. Carbendazim and phoxim are used to control brown spot disease, Spodoptera litura and underground pests. When the seedlings are about 20 cm high, ventilation can be used without removing the film to adapt the seedlings to the external environment. Keep the seedbed moist during this period. Healthy seedling standards: seedling age 70 days, seedling height 25-30 cm, there are more than 3 stems above ground, about 15 roots stored underground, root length 20-25 cm.

3 Soil selection and site preparation

The root system of asparagus belongs to the fibrous root system. The root group is particularly vigorous. A large number of succulent roots occur on the underground stem. It likes a warm and well-ventilated environment. High temperature, high humidity, and water accumulation can easily cause decay. Therefore, asparagus is suitable for sandy loam soil with loose and fertile soil, good air permeability, deep soil layer, rich organic matter content, and convenient drainage and irrigation. The pH value is 6 ～ 6.7, and the carrot and beet should not be planted in the previous crop. Excessive pH or heavy silt is not suitable for asparagus growth.

Asparagus is a perennial crop. Once it is planted, the land can no longer be fully ploughed. Therefore, before planting, combine deep plowing (30-40 cm, and fully whiten) to prepare the land, apply 3-4 organic fertilizers per mu, and 80-100 kg of compound fertilizers. Rake flat after ploughing, do a good job in irrigation and drainage projects in the field, and excavate and plant trenches on the north-south lines. Row spacing is 1.2-1.5 meters, trench width is 40-50 cm, and depth is 30-40 cm. Before transplanting, apply 100 kg of compound fertilizer, 80 kg of cake fertilizer, and 2-3 organic fertilizers in the ditch. Apply evenly into the trench and mix well with the backfill soil. When transplanting, the planting ditch should be 10 cm from the ground. One plant is planted every 30 cm, and 1500-1800 plants are planted per mu. It can be done while raising seedlings and grading, and the planting, watering, and soil covering operations can be completed at one time. One large plant is planted in each hole, and two weak plants are planted in each hole. The strong plants are planted separately. When planting, it should be directionally planted (that is, the end of the underground stem with the green bulbs should be directed in the same direction along the ditch and lined up in a straight line to facilitate soil cultivation in the future). Fine soil 4 ~ 5 cm, permeate with water, cover the soil 1 ~ 2 cm after water seepage to prevent compaction and water evaporation, and check seedlings and replant in time 3 to 4 days after transplantation to prevent lack of seedlings. After the new stems of the seedlings are born, the ditch should be gradually filled in stages.

4 Field management

4.1 Planting year

After the asparagus is planted, it is necessary to pay close attention to the field management work of cultivating roots and strong plants and spurring autumn hair as the core to achieve the purpose of early rapid growth and high yield. After planting, due to short plants, weeding and weeding should be timely. If the weather is early, watering should be timely and the floods should be drained in time to prevent dead roots in the field. Generally one month after planting, 20-30 kg of urea is used to promote balanced growth according to seedling conditions combined with watering. After entering August, asparagus has entered a vigorous growth stage in autumn. The autumn fat should be re-applied and vigorously promote the rapid growth of asparagus in three months of August, September, and October, laying a foundation for high yield early next year. Generally apply 2-3 square meters of organic fertilizer, 100 kg of compound fertilizer, 20 kg of urea. Apply furrows 40 cm from the plant. At the same time pay attention to prevention and control of pests and diseases. After winter, the above-ground part of asparagus begins to wither, and the nutrients in the plant are transferred to the underground roots, which is conducive to strong roots and high yield in spring. In late winter and early February, the ground plants should be thoroughly cleaned to reduce the source of disease bacteria.

4.2 The second year of planting and the year of harvesting bamboo shoots

In the second year and after the year of harvesting bamboo shoots, we must focus on scientifically managing the three fertilizers, retaining stems, and timely topping, etc. to comprehensively control pests and diseases; scientifically harvesting bamboo shoots.

4.2.1 Scientific Management of Sanfei

The three fertilizers are germination fertilizer, strong bamboo shoot fertilizer and autumn hair fertilizer. The basic method is: in March, combine cultivating and cultivating between ridges and soil (in multiple steps) to apply germination fertilizer, apply 2-3 cubic acres of soil fertilizer, and 100 kg of asparagus special fertilizer. Conducive to the demand for inorganic nutrition of bulbs and tender stems. Generally, the output of summer bamboo shoots accounts for 2/3 of the total output of the year, so strong bamboo shoot fertilizer (relay fertilizer) is applied in early and mid-June, and 20-30 kg of urea is applied per mu. This time the fertilizer acts as a relay, which can prolong the harvest time. Increase the amount of bamboo shoots harvested in the middle and late stages. After the harvest of bamboo shoots is completed in early and mid-August, combined with fine soil flat ridges, autumn fertilization should be re-applied, 2-3 square meters of soil fertilizer should be applied per mu, 200 kg of asparagus special fertilizer, and 20 kg of urea, which will promote the healthy autumn production of asparagus. Accumulate nutrients and cultivate multiple and strong bulbs. This three-fertilizer matching and rationally applied fertilization model is the basis for high yield and quality of asparagus.

Asparagus has a long growing period and is more resistant to drought and waterlogging. However, the soil was kept moist during the shoot harvest, and the tender stems grew fast, good quality, and high yield. In this period of drought, horse water should be irrigated in due course. In flood season, pay attention to exclude waterlogging and prevent diseases such as high temperature rotten roots.

4.2.2 Comprehensive control of plant diseases and insect pests

Asparagus stem blight and brown spot disease are the main diseases that harm asparagus. There is no effective medicine for prevention. Practice has proved that the use of agronomic measures, supplemented by comprehensive pest control strategies to strengthen the control of pesticides, can achieve more results with less effort. The specific methods are:

4.2.2.1 Topping in time to prevent lodging

Asparagus plants can reach more than 1.5 meters, allowing it to grow, which seriously affects ventilation and light transmission, and is easy to fall. The field humidity is severe and the disease is severe. When the plant reaches about 100 centimeters, topping should be timely, which is conducive to concentrated nutrition and promote the growth of underground rhizomes. If possible, pull the wire to ensure that the plant is not lodging.

4.2.2.2 Clearing the countryside

Clearing up the countryside to reduce the source of infection is one of the effective methods to prevent stem blight. In February, field stalks were completely cleaned, and diseased branches and leaves were cleaned and burned. After harvesting the bamboo shoots in early and mid-August, the residual piles and the female stalks on the ground should be thoroughly cleaned in combination with the flat ridges back to the ground. In autumn, the diseased branches and leaves should be removed regularly, which can greatly reduce the occurrence of diseases.

4.2.2.3 Keep the mother stems to pick bamboo shoots and prolong the period

For new asparagus fields in the second year after planting, only green asparagus should be harvested. Generally, the young stems that grow in mid-April are left in the field as mother stems and not picked for the roots. After that, the young stems will start to harvest. The length of the harvesting period depends on the quality of the autumn hair last year. Generally, it can be harvested for 30-50 days. In the asparagus field in full production period, all the young stems born before the middle of May can be harvested. According to the situation of bamboo shoots in early and mid-May, after leaving 2-3 mother plants per hole, they can be harvested until early-mid-August. The white asparagus field is usually harvested from the beginning of mid-May to retain the mother stem, leaving 1-2 roots per plant layer, which can be continuously harvested to the beginning of mid-August. This kind of picking bamboo shoots with the mother stem not only increases the income of bamboo shoot farmers, but also avoids the peak of disease caused by high temperature and high humidity in July, reduces the number of medications and costs.

4.2.2.4 Reasonable fertilization

Increase the application of organic and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and appropriately control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Can increase soil organic matter, loosen soil, promote robust growth of asparagus stems and leaves, and improve disease resistance.

4.2.2.5 Seize the favorable opportunity to prevent and control the drug reasonably

Take prevention-oriented and comprehensive prevention methods. When the remaining stems are unearthed within 5-7 days, when the plant height is about 20 cm, the stems are coated with Bordeaux solution, carbendazim and other agents. After the bamboo shoots are harvested, the root piles should be protected by spraying along the ridges to clear the residual piles and eliminate the bacteria in the root plate and the topsoil. On the basis of timely cleaning up the diseased branches and leaves, and timely spraying and controlling according to the weather and disease conditions, the mother stems and autumn hairs left during the bamboo shoots harvesting period shall be sprayed to prevent and treat the drugs in a timely manner to improve the quality of spraying. Carbendazim, methyltobzine, mancozeb, bacteriostatic, asparagus clear, etc. can be selected. The main pests are Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, cotton bollworm and ground tiger. The night moths can be treated with 1000 times solution of juvenile urea, Nonglinle, etc., and the control of aphids can be controlled with 1000 times solution of omethoate, and the underground pests can be controlled with furantan, soil treatment and trichlorfon feed.

5 Scientific harvesting

5.1 Harvest Green

Green asparagus is harvested daily from 9-11am. According to the requirements of the quality of the goods, the young stems that protrude from the ground by 20-24 centimeters are cut off at 2 centimeters below the soil, and are sold by concentration and classification. For harvesting methods, use a special stainless steel knife to neatly cut the young stems, put them in a basket with a wet towel, and place them in a cool place to prevent water from aging.

5.2 Harvesting white asparagus

White bamboo shoots are harvested, and ridge cultivation is generally carried out before March 25 in combination with cultivation and fertilization. The soil is required to be finely crushed, and high ridges with a bottom width of 60 cm, a height of 25-30 cm, and a top width of 40 cm are made. The soil ridges are loose and tight inside, and the surface is smooth. During the harvest period, check the ridge top twice a day before 8 am and after 4 pm. If the soil surface is cracked, cut out the topsoil and use a bamboo knife to harvest on the upper part of the underground stem. 75 degree angle to avoid damaging the underground stem. After harvesting, the ridge soil should be restored and flattened. After the white bamboo shoots are harvested, they should be stored in the shade and sold in stages.

5.3 Determine the stoppage period

As the young stems are harvested, the stored nutrients are consumed continuously. When the young stems become thinner, the hardness becomes larger, the number of deformed bamboo shoots increases, and the yield should be stopped immediately. After the asparagus is stopped, there must be a growing period of about 100 days to achieve high yields in the next year. The suitable harvest time for asparagus in the northern age is 70-80 days.

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