Paper-based biosensors: close to the environment, in order to have a bright future
According to James Consulting, paper-based biosensors are becoming medical diagnostic sensors that meet environmental protection needs. Biosensor for diagnosis Home-based biosensors have changed the way society views medical diagnosis. A biosensor is an integrated analytical device that is capable of converting biological information of a target analyte into a quantitative signal through a transducer. Biosensors are typically designed as disposable test strips for quick and easy testing on site. In addition to biomedical diagnostics, biosensors have been used in many other areas such as agriculture, drug discovery, forensics, environmental control, and food safety. In the field of healthcare, biosensors are not only suitable for diagnosis but also for patient monitoring. Glucose biosensors are used by thousands of diabetic patients around the world and are probably the most famous example. The first commercial biosensor (YSI Glucose Biosensor) entered human vision in the mid-1970s, but it was not until 1987 that all glucose-biosensors with electrodes were printed on the market (similar to the sensors we now know). The user-friendly remote blood glucose monitoring tool is undoubtedly the key to treating diabetes and has greatly helped the patient's daily life. The success of this application has led to an exponential growth in the biosensor market, which will reach $27.06 billion by 2022. While implementing glucose biosensors, advances have been made in other areas of technology such as micromachining, materials science, microfluidics, electronics, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Biosensing technology combined with these advances in technology can help achieve a wider range of applications and more powerful devices. Environmental pollution caused by technological progress cannot be avoided The production of disposable or short-lived electronic devices (such as biosensors) has led to an increase in the amount of electronic waste, and developed countries are facing serious environmental problems. According to a report released by the United Nations in 2017, more than 40 million tons of e-waste were generated globally in 2016, and only 20% were properly recycled. Although 66% of the world's population is protected by legislation on e-waste, it is urgent to take more steps to encourage other countries to formulate policies. Concerns about global warming and pollution are driving humans to find alternative solutions. Paper is highly recyclable and thus an “ecological†alternative to traditional plastic biosensors. Technically, paper has many inherent advantages: the internal composition based on cellulose fibers allows for electrical conduction operations, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and no burning at high temperatures. Therefore, paper, as an active biosensing platform, is environmentally friendly and is becoming a promising diagnostic method. Paper-based solutions will help achieve the 2020 EU Climate Action by reducing carbon emissions and toxicity as a support for reducing the environmental impact of electronic products. Implementing gravure printed electronic structures on paper What is the progress of paper-based biosensors as a substitute? Paper-based biosensors are still in their infancy. Therefore, from the academic field to the clinical application, we must go through more in-depth research. Mainly faced with the challenges of material brittleness, mass production, sample preparation and system integration. There have been some successful paper-based biosensors entering the market, such as pregnancy tests. However, they mainly provide qualitative or semi-quantitative "yes/no" responses, and the scope of application is greatly limited. At present, in order to solve these problems, a large amount of research is underway, as can be seen from the literature of the industry review. In 2017, there were 693 articles on paper-based biosensors (and only 126 articles in 1990). In Europe, there are many collaborative research efforts to narrow this gap and develop environmentally friendly electronics. Projects such as GREENSENSE, IMPETUS and INNPAPER aim to develop PoC sensing systems using wood-derived materials such as nanocellulose and paper. GREENSENSE project INNPAPER project introduction In addition to technical challenges, paper-based biosensors still face some problems in business and society. These include combinations with other biodegradable materials, disposal regulations, and cost competitiveness as a replacement for plastic devices. As technology and the market get closer and prove that it is feasible for daily acceptance and application, these problems will be solved.
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