The key to the labor-saving planting technology of pear trees
Pear tree labor-saving planting cultivation is a new mode of modern orchard management promoted in our province. From 2012 to now, the fruit tree station of Botou City Agriculture Bureau has built more than 3,000 acres of densely planted and modern cultivation mode orchards. After years of experimentation, research and exploration, it has summarized a set of key technical measures, which are introduced below for reference. First, the construction of technology 1. The site conditions for the construction of the park. Due to the high soil requirements of the dense plantation (usually requiring organic matter content between 2% and 3%), the soil is relatively poor (the organic matter content is less than 1%), and the soil is fertilized in the first 5 years. The addition of organic fertilizer is the key to improving soil fertility and consolidating the effect of salt change. The application of organic fertilizer can make the soil with high salinity and high degree of compaction become loose, the soil voids increase, and the soil water retention and fertilizer retention capacity are enhanced. Each acre of saline-alkali soil can be mixed with farmyard manure and 90-100 kg of superphosphate to reduce alkalinity and improve soil fertility. 2. Planting varieties and density. For some varieties that are easy to flower, have high fruit set rate and high economic value, such as Xueqing, Xinli No. 7, Huangguan, Yali, Qiuyue, etc., the general principle is that the row spacing is at least 2 meters away from the plant spacing, and the density is generally the row spacing ( 0.5～1) meters (3～4) meters, for some varieties with strong branching ability and strong tree potential, such as Yulu pear, red crispy cake, early red komis, etc., the plant spacing should be increased, and the side should be taken. Measures such as cutting buds, trunk ring cutting, root pruning, and growth inhibitor control to increase the intensity of crown control. 3. Planting seedling technology. There are three methods of colonization: one is to plant high-quality finished seedlings. This method has a bad effect on the first year of bud shoots, which has an adverse effect on the early plastic surgery. When growth is not ideal, it is often necessary to retract and re-branche or graft the patch, but the result is early. The second is to plant a small rootstock grafting, the result is 2 years later than the planting seedlings, 1 year later than the grafting of the big anvil, but the survival rate is high and the trees are neat. The third is to plant a large anvil grafted to build a garden, the result is one year later than the fixed seedlings, but it is easy to cultivate into a cylindrical tree with a strong dry narrow crown. The young trees grow strong and the whole garden is neat and enters the high yield period. In the same year, the construction of the park was grafted, and the second year of the cultivation was achieved. This is the way we advocate gardening. Second, the cultivation of cylindrical tree shape The cylindrical tree shape requires trees up to 2.5-3.0 meters, the trunk height is about 60 centimeters, and 22 to 26 large and medium-sized result branches are directly placed on the trunk. The branching branches have a branch angle of 70-90, and the branch group directly produces small results. Branch group and short fruit branch group. 1. Cultivate the center to dry. Carving buds is an important technical measure to make fruit trees form as soon as possible. When the seedling center in the first year grows to 1.5 to 1.6 meters, one week before the bud sprouting, 0.5 to 1 cm above the bud is cut. The length of the knife should reach 2/3 of the circumference of the central dry branch, and the depth reaches the xylem. Otherwise, the depth reaches the xylem. Otherwise, the depth reaches the xylem. The stimulating effect is too weak to achieve the desired effect. In addition to the apex of the seedlings 30 cm, the ground above 60 cm below the buds, the other buds are engraved to form the largest ratio of branches and leaves. Special attention is paid to the fact that in the first year of the orchard, the seedlings are less than 1.5 meters long, and should be flattened or retracted at 55 cm until the top extension branches can reach the height of 1.5 meters and then bud. In this way, the tree-shaped standard formed by the whole park is neat. If it is not flat, the growing tree body is likely to cause a lot of lower branches, the upper branches are less, and the tree shape becomes a spindle shape. 2. Strip the top extension branch. After the two-year-old buds reach the specified tree height after two years of buds, the extension branches are replaced by weak branches nearby to weaken the apical dominance; when the extension branches do not reach the height, the competition branches of the top extension branches are removed, and the branches are weakened. Stay strong to enhance its apex growth potential. 3. Leave the big branch group. The branches on the center should be kept in a proper amount, and stay big and stay small. When the thickness of the branches directly on the center of the branch reaches the upper limit of 1/3 or more of the central dryness, it should be removed as much as possible to facilitate the germination of the branches. Of course, when the amount of branches of the tree is small, it is also possible to take pull branches and support branches to reduce the growth potential of the big branch group. When the tree body has sufficient branches, the large branch group is left to be removed. Third, pear garden control technology 1. Use dwarf rootstocks. Plant dwarf tree species and varieties, such as Zhongxiao 1 and Zhongxiao 2. 2. Press the crown with fruit. In the orchard where the big anvil is grafted, a small amount of fruit can be seen in the lower part in the second year. Leave a single fruit, the fruit spacing is 20 ~ 30 cm, use the early results to control the canopy. When the branching angle of the branches on the center is small, the toothpick can be used to support the branches in the early stage. When the later branches are too large, the branches can be pulled to make the branching angle of the branches and the center reach about 70. Due to improper management in the previous period, Liu Xinzhuang Orchard in our city caused the result group to be too large, the opening angle was too small, and the growth potential was too strong, causing tree confusion. The fruit tree station took the following measures: After June, the water and nitrogen fertilizers were strictly controlled to promote flower bud differentiation; the trunk and the big branch group were circumcised; the growing branch group was flattened (90 with the center), and the time was ripe. It can also be used for the removal of the sputum, so that it can sprout the twigs and reach the center of the upper branch group to stay large and small. Fourth, pear garden fertilization technology 1. Autumn Shi base fertilizer. Fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizer, combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer. After harvesting every year, about 5,000 kg of organic fertilizer per acre, the amount of fertilizer should be determined according to the soil measurement results and load. In autumn, organic fertilizer is used in combination with 50 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer per acre. In the conditioned areas, more organic fertilizer is applied every year, and with the application of organic fertilizers year by year, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizers are decreasing year by year. 2. Fertilization method. Two large ditch are opened in each row on the inner side of the canopy to carry out ditching and fertilization. This can also cut off part of the root system and control the growth of the canopy to the periphery. It is necessary to timely water when there is no rain after fertilization. Organic fertilizer should not be applied, especially biological bacterial fertilizer (fear of exposure); fertilization by means of ring, radial, ditch, etc., the ditch depth is 40-60 cm, generally the base fertilizer is applied in autumn, and the used farmyard manure is used as much as possible, otherwise there will be burning. Root phenomenon. Five, pear garden grass 1. The benefits of grass. The roots of weeds are distributed 5 to 20 cm and do not compete with fruit trees for nutrients. Improve soil compaction, regulate soil physical and chemical properties, increase permeability, and increase microbial population. The organic matter in organic fertilizer stimulates root growth, promotes root absorption, and changes the pH of the soil. The orchards with good grass in our city include Li Futai's comfrey, Yafeng's rye, broadleaf scorpion, oyster sauce No. 5, and flat rye. 2. The method of grassing. Grass between rows of trees not only saves manpower, but also fertilizes soil and improves soil. No need to turn over, when the grass grows to the flowering stage, it can be castrated and shredded and covered under the tree tray. Natural grass can be castrated twice a year, the first time from late April to early May, after covering the tree tray after cutting, the second time in early June, deep turning and turning into the ground. 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