Potato harvesting and storage preservation technology
The edible portion of potatoes (potatoes) is tubers, which contain large amounts of carbohydrates and rich mineral elements. The potato is resistant to storage and transportation and can be supplied on an annual basis. It is a raw material for processing fresh vegetables and processed products. I. Storage and characteristics Potatoes generally have a dormant period of 2-4 months after harvest, and the length of the dormancy period varies from species to species. Late maturing varieties have a short dormancy period, and early maturing varieties have a long dormancy period. Different maturity also has an effect on the length of the dormant period. The dormant period of the immature potato stem is longer than the mature one. The storage temperature also affects the long dormancy period, especially the low temperature at the beginning of storage is very beneficial to prolong the dormancy period. Potatoes are rich in starch and sugar, and starch and sugar can be converted into each other during storage. When the temperature drops to 0 °C, the starch hydrolysis activity increases, the monosaccharide in the potato block accumulates, the potato pieces become sweet, the eating quality is not good, and the processed product browns. If the storage temperature rises, the monosaccharide will synthesize starch. When the temperature is higher than 30 ° C and lower than 0 ° C, the potato heart tends to turn black. Second, variety and harvest The selection of potato varieties with long dormancy can prolong the storage period, and the early maturing varieties, cultivated varieties in cold regions or the potato in autumn can have a long dormancy period, which is conducive to storage. Potato can not be flooded in the late growth stage, and the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can improve the storage and disease resistance of the potato. Potatoes in the spring of northern China are mostly harvested before the rainy season in July; most of the summer and autumn sowings are harvested in mid-September. When the plants are yellow, the underground tubers enter a dormant period, which is the best time to harvest. Harvest should be selected before the frost arrives, and at the same time it is required to be carried out on sunny days and when the soil is dry. Plants should be cut off at the time of harvesting. After deep dumping, the soil must be dried in the field, but not exposed to the sun. After harvesting, the tuber of pest damage and mechanical damage should be removed from the field for classification. Before storage, the tuber is placed at 10-20 ° C for 10-14 days (if the temperature is low), the wound is healed to form a cork layer. The specific method is to pile the tubers in a ventilated room, and the piles should be inserted with straws or vent pipes made of bamboo sheets for ventilation and cooling. The stack height shall not exceed 0.5 m and the width shall not exceed 2 m. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to rain and sun protection. Ventilation channels can also be placed under the potato block pile for ventilation purposes. Regularly check and reverse the temperature and humidity in the potato pile and detect the rotten potato pieces. Third, storage conditions The suitable storage temperature for freshly eaten potatoes is 3-5 ° C, but potatoes used as fried potato chips or fried potato chips should be stored at 10-13 ° C. The suitable relative humidity for storage is 85%-90%. The humidity is too high to increase the decay, the humidity is too low, the water loss increases, and the potato tubers shrink. Light can promote the germination of the potato and increase the content of the solanine in the potato. The content of solanine in normal potato pieces is not more than 0.02%, which is harmless to humans and animals. However, after the potato pieces are illuminated or germinated, the content of solanine is sharply increased, which has toxic effects on humans and animals. Therefore, potatoes should be stored in the dark. Fourth, storage methods and management 1, ditch. The potatoes were harvested in mid-July and pre-stored in shades or empty houses after harvest until they were stored in the ditch in October. The groove depth is 1-1.2m and the width is 1-1.5m. The groove length is not limited. The thickness of the potato block is 40-50 cm, and the cold area can reach 70-80 cm. The upper part is covered with soil insulation, and it should be covered with the temperature drop. The potato in the ditch cannot be too high. Otherwise, the temperature at the bottom and middle of the ditch tends to be high, and the potato tubers may cause decay due to heat. 2, hidden. The potato is stored in the well or the kiln, and the storage capacity is 3000-3500 kg per urn. Since the temperature is only adjusted by the mouth ventilation, the heat preservation effect is good. However, it is not easy to cool down at the beginning of the flood season, so the potato can not be overfilled, and pay attention to the opening and closing of the mouth. As long as it is managed properly, the storage of potatoes is very good. When using sheds for storage, the dome cover should be thickened and deepened to avoid freezing damage. The height of the potato in the sorghum does not exceed 1.5m, otherwise it will be susceptible to heat and cause germination and decay in the early stage of the sputum. 3. Ventilation storage. Generally, the stack height is no more than 2m, and a ventilator is arranged in the stack. Packing yards are stored and stored for easier management and increased library capacity. Regardless of which storage method is used, there must be a certain gap around the potato pile for ventilation and heat dissipation. 4, cold storage. After the dormant period, the potatoes are transferred to the cold storage for better control of germination and water loss. In the cold storage, they can be piled up or packed. The temperature is controlled at 3-5 ° C and the relative humidity is 85% - 90%. 5, drug treatment. Chloroaniline (CIPC) is a post-harvest bud inhibitor. The powder is applied at a dose of 1.4-2.8 g/kg. The powder is sprinkled into a potato pile and covered with a plastic film or canvas covering. 24- After 48 hours, the treated potatoes did not germinate at room temperature. The bud inhibitor must be used after the callus of the potato. Otherwise, it will interfere with the callus of the potato and cause the potato to rot during storage. The potato before the dormant period uses the drug to suppress the bud effect, and after the dormant period, the bud suppression effect is obviously weakened. The effect of treating the potato with a-naphthylacetate or a-naphthalene ethyl acetate is also good. The dosage of each 10 tons of potato chips is 0.4-0.5 kg, and 15-30 kg of fine soil is used as a powder in the potato pile. Should be carried out in the middle of dormancy, not too late, otherwise it will reduce the efficacy. MH (green freshener) also has a bud-inhibiting effect on potatoes, but it needs to be sprayed in the field 3-4 weeks before harvesting of potato chips. The concentration of the drug is 3%-5%, and it should be re-sprayed in case of rain. 6, radiation treatment. The potato was irradiated with 8-15 kRr-ray, which had obvious bud-inhibiting effect, and the irradiated potato was well stored for several months at normal temperature. We're professional Lithotriptoscopy Set manufacturers and suppliers in China, specialized in
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