Integrated Techniques for Reducing Feedstock Fish Feed Coefficients in Ponds

In the aquaculture production process, the feed coefficient of the culture pond is a system project that runs through the entire aquaculture production process. The bait factor is the ratio of the total amount of feed that is fed to the total net increase in production of pond cultured animals. The smaller the ratio, the lower the amount of feed consumed to increase unit production of aquatic products. Therefore, the smaller the ratio is, that is, the lower the bait coefficient is, the higher the utilization rate of the feed is, that is, the production cost of the fish is reduced, and the economic benefits of fish breeding are improved. According to the practice of the author for many years, the key techniques for reducing the fish feed coefficient in ponds are described as follows:

First, the quality of fish. The main indicators of fish quality requirements include: specifications meet the required standards, neat and tidy, plump and fit, scales intact, disease-free without injury, normal color, good genetic traits, strong resistance to disease. Through comparative tests, it is shown that the quality of the fish species is a key factor in determining the cost of breeding.

Second, choose good breeds with high growth rate and high feed conversion rate for stocking. According to the practice, compared with common carp, carp, or pure carp, Pengze pupae, the cultivated carp, Ukrainian carp, and pure Pengze pupae are fed the same quality and quantity of feed in the pond and obtained the same amount of feed. In the case of yield, it is necessary to reduce the bait coefficient by more than 30%.

Third, optimize the stocking mode, the structure of the mix is ​​reasonable. With the continuous improvement of the level of aquaculture technology, a reasonable stocking mode is one of the key measures to increase production and reduce the cost of farming. We have adopted the 80:20 and 60:40 breeding techniques based on high-quality eating fish that are currently being promoted. This technology is able to make rational use of the water space to complement each other's advantages so as to achieve the objective of reducing the bait factor. More obvious aquaculture benefits.

Fourth, improve the environmental conditions of pond waters to form a benign ecosystem. 1. Prevent water pollution and maintain a good water environment. Promote the normal growth of cultured organisms, effectively reduce the bait coefficient, increase the quantity and quality of cultured species, and achieve the goal of producing pollution-free green aquatic products, and increase the economic benefits of breeding ponds. 2. Increasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water and reducing the metabolites of the cultured fish in the water is an effective measure to reduce the bait factor. Experiments have shown that when the fish consumes feed with 3.0 mg/l of dissolved oxygen in the water, the feed rate is higher than 4.0 mg/l-fold. Dissolved oxygen is positively correlated with the growth of cultured objects, whereas metabolites are negatively correlated with the growth of cultured objects. 3. Master the effect of water temperature changes on the bait coefficient. There is a positive correlation between the physiological activity and metabolism of cultured objects and the water temperature. Within a suitable temperature range, the higher the water temperature, the stronger the ability of metabolism and the faster the growth. In the feeding process, we must try to increase the water temperature, and we must increase or decrease the amount of feed as the water temperature rises and falls in order to achieve the best amount of feed. At the same time, it is also an important supplementary means to reduce the feed coefficient to strengthen the cultivation of the corresponding natural palatability bait during the fish breeding period. For example, during the growth period of grass carp, more than 30% of the artificial bait can be saved if sufficient natural food can be added. For grass carp aquaculture ponds with good natural food, the bait coefficient of artificial bait used can be reduced to less than 1.4, which can also be an important means to reduce the cost of raising the fish and increase the efficiency of the culture.

Fifth, adopt scientific and reasonable stocking techniques, including stock selection, stocking density, quality of cultured species, economic traits, market conditions, and stocking operations. 1. First of all, according to the local climatic conditions, water quality conditions and biological conditions and other natural conditions and the species needed by the market to determine the species cultivated, and to develop a suitable stocking density, which is the best stocking capacity. If the stocking density is too high, the breeding object grows in the poor water environment, and the used feed coefficient must increase. On the other hand, if the stocking density is too low, the water body space cannot be fully utilized, the output value benefit declines, and the bait coefficient also increases. 2. The stocking specifications and the quality of the breeding objects are one of the important factors in determining the bait factor in the stocking technique. If the stocked species is pure and of good quality and has a strong physique, it will eat well, have a high metabolic rate, and have a high energy conversion rate to the feed. If the growth rate is fast, the bait coefficient will decrease. 3. In the pond breeding process, it is necessary to have a reasonable mix of varieties, a good market prospect, and pay attention to the mutual interference behaviors among the varieties and increase the feed utilization rate. 4, in the process of stocking ponds should be carefully handled to prevent fish injuries. In general, after the domestication of the main fish is completed, the other fish will be placed.

Sixth, feed quality, specifications and processing technology level and other factors, there are two types of natural feed feed, artificial feed, artificial feeds are mainly based on the current, it is necessary to correctly and reasonably select the quality and specifications and the breeding object to meet the quality of high-quality compound feed. In aquaculture, artificial feeds should be fed based on stocking patterns, stocking species, stocking specifications, and quantities. In addition to the quality of the raw materials, the ratio of nutrients, energy requirements, processing quality, etc. in the formulated formula should also be considered. Indicators for assessment. The first requirement is that the feed must have good stability in water and the fish feed requirement is 1 hour. The granularity of the granular feed material, the type and size of the pellets should be suitable for the feeding of the breeding object, and the absorption rate of the feed should be increased. Second, it must have good palatability, lure, and so on. In conventional fish culture, fry below 15 g should generally be selected from 0.5-1.0 mm crushers, and 15-45 g juveniles should be 1.0-1.5 mm. Feed pellet feed; 45-75 grams of more than the stage of fish should be selected particle size of 1.5-2.5 mm, more than 75 grams of fish into the fish stage should be selected particle size of 2.5-4.5 mm columnar pellet feed.

Seven, scientific feeding management, feeding technology can also reduce the bait coefficient. Reasonable optimum feeding is the most important part of feeding technology. It is necessary to determine the most appropriate amount of feed according to “five views” (looking at fish, watching water, watching water temperature, watching weather, watching season), and reducing The key factor of the feed coefficient. It is necessary to adhere to the principles and methods of "quasi-quantitative, quantitative, timing, and positioning" feeding methods for feeding. With the growth of individual fish, the content of feed protein can be gradually reduced. In the entire aquaculture cycle, feeding methods should be “slow, fast, and slow”, and the amount of feed should be “more in the middle, less in two,” and the Eating and drinking should master the principle of "evenness, goodness, and fullness."

Eight, do a good job of storage management. Poorly stored feeds are prone to hygroscopic, moldy, or vermin. The value of feed for mustyworms is not only reduced, but also prone to poisoning, which can cause fish to become sick or die. If the feed is stored for too long, although no mildew will reduce the nutrient content due to fat deterioration, vitamins A, D, and E are also likely to be reduced in effectiveness due to oxidation. Therefore, the material purchased at one time should not be excessive, and the purchased feed Protect from light, ventilation and moisture, so as not to cause moldy loss. At the same time, check the freshness of the feed, the date of production, the shelf life, and whether the nutritional ingredients meet the labeling requirements. If there are no laboratory conditions, they should be carefully identified by eye-sighting, hand-touching, nose-smelling, and taste-taking. In order to ensure the use value of feed, it has laid a good foundation for reducing the bait factor.

Nine, pay attention to the cultivation of natural food organisms. The amount of natural food in aquaculture waters plays a decisive role in reducing the artificial feed coefficient. When we use artificial feed, we must not neglect the important role of natural food on the growth of cultured objects. Organic manure was applied, fertilizer was applied in a timely manner, water quality was cultivated, and the water quality was maintained as “fat, live, tender, and cool”, and corresponding natural palatability feeds were cultivated for the cultured objects. At the same time planting aquatic plants and dry grass is still an important supplementary means for us to carry out pollution-free green and healthy breeding and reduce the bait coefficient. According to production practice, we have actively promoted the healthy breeding of ecological fishery technology has become a good economic and ecological benefits. The important means of social benefits.

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