New HIV infection detection device can be used in rural areas without electricity
Release date: 2014-12-09 Health workers in Zambia are learning to use the NINA prototype. The diagnosis of the disease is important for the diagnosis and treatment of the entire disease, especially for infectious diseases. In the remote areas where power resources and refrigeration equipment are scarce and there is a lack of properly trained health care workers, the diagnosis of HIV and other infectious diseases presents particular difficulties. To solve this problem, researchers have developed a low-cost, power-independent device for detecting infectious pathogens, which of course can also be used to detect HIV-1 DNA. The device provides thermal energy for amplification and detection of pathogenic DNA or RNA in blood samples of suspected infected persons through a simple chemical reaction without the use of electricity. One method for detecting HIV virus is to detect the nucleic acid of the virus (such as PCR). The detection method is complicated and limited by many devices and personnel. Another rapid detection method is easy to operate and can be done at home. Unfortunately, antibodies are detected, and viruses cannot be detected at an early stage. Only after antibodies are detected can they be detected. “This innovative technology solution brings sophisticated molecular diagnostics to underserved people, and it marks a potential breakthrough in medical services such as HIV, tuberculosis and malaria worldwide. Still considered a serious health threat in many remote areas. Dr. Roderic Pettigrew, head of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) The introduction said. The study was organized by Paul LaBarre, senior technology lead, and published online in the November 26 issue of the Journal of Public Library of Science (PLOS ONE). The research team is affiliated with the headquarters. Seattle's global non-profit health organization PATH. The core technology they developed and is improving is called "nucleotide amplification technology without the need for large equipment," or NINA. The research aims to expand the use of accurate diagnostic techniques in more applications, especially those that lack electricity. Early on-site diagnosis helps to start treatment immediately Labari explained the problems they tried to solve. “Under the lack of resources, the lack of on-site molecular diagnostic tests has become a barrier to infectious disease control. Transporting samples from the local to distant diagnostic testing centers can cause delays in diagnosis, data loss and increased costs.†One problem is the loss of the returning population. Individuals who provide test samples may not return to the local clinic, and their samples are positive and cannot be treated. In view of these obstacles in the face of effective disease control, the goal of NINA technology is to enable the on-site point of care (POC) to complete testing and subsequent treatment, regardless of the appropriate infrastructure conditions. An important advantage of nucleic acid testing is the discovery of infections at an early stage. Test kits currently available at the counter are based on antibody binding techniques, such as HIV saliva test strips. These detection reagents are not detectable until the HIV virus produces antibodies, and the process of producing antibodies can be as long as several months. This latest method detects HIV at an early stage of infection, which is when the patient is most contagious. The goal of POC Medical is to complete a diagnosis and start treatment at a local clinic, and early diagnosis is critical. When HIV testing is performed on babies with HIV-positive mothers, because the antibodies produced by the mother can appear in the baby's blood, and the antibody test can produce false positive results, a nucleic acid-based test method must be used. Step by step to meet the challenge The process of amplification involves extracting nucleotides from individual blood samples, mixing with nucleotide fragments of the target pathogen, and obtaining a plurality of amplified pathogenic bacterial nucleotides present in the blood sample by constant temperature heating. The above test results are highly accurate, and when the pathogenic nucleotides appear, it is convenient to visualize the results by simple test paper color development. Labari and his team are using inexpensive adiabatic thermos as a heat source for chemical reactions to develop the NINA system. The latest version of the incubator can use the ferro-magnesium alloy (MgFe) to generate heat. The choice of MgFe is only 6 cents to complete a reaction because it is cheap, and because it can be made into a separate package. The technician can simply initiate the heat generation reaction by simply adding a salt solution to the bag at the bottom of the thermos. The researchers performed thermal imaging of NINA to assess heat loss and compare the effects of insulation. Develop high performance and low cost materials The researchers ensured the performance of the various components in the incubator during development to ensure a constant temperature for the amplification reactions performed in the small tubes. To achieve this, the research team developed a special component that stores and regulates the heat generated by the chemical reaction, which can be easily mounted on the tube holder to ensure uniform heating on each tube surface. When designing the main part of the device, the research team used a thermal imaging camera to evaluate the performance of inexpensive materials and finally chose a reusable thermos to minimize heat loss from the device. Another key point in the study was that the incubator in the device had to be up and running. The instruments in the fine diagnostic laboratory operate at room temperature and manually controlled conditions, and the device must be operated at extreme ambient temperatures. The reaction inside the incubator must be maintained at 60 degrees Celsius within one hour. The team therefore tested the performance of the NINA incubator for normal operation over a range of ambient temperatures. The device can maintain an internal temperature of 60 degrees Celsius when the external ambient temperature is between 10 degrees Celsius and 32 degrees Celsius. The team demonstrated that their amplification system provides sensitive and reproducible HIV-1 testing services in as little as 80 minutes. They are now equipped with a simple on-site blood sample nucleotide extraction technique for the amplification system. "To complete this low-resource diagnostics, the next step is to integrate the simple nucleotide separation of the patient's blood sample before amplification. The current method is both expensive and technically difficult," Rabari said. There are a few of the methods we are testing that look promising." The NINA system is a very important technology for POC health services by quickly identifying individuals with infectious diseases and achieving testing and treatment during a single visit. It is a critical step in controlling and ultimately eradicating infectious diseases that are prevalent in small, isolated villages. 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